![]() Alba’s cruelty is outsized in comparison to Batty’s wrongdoings. Alba asks Batty to lick her boots clean, to serve her, perform for her, give herself entirely over. ![]() Alba and Batty’s dynamic begins with blackmail, but they both gradually succumb to it, end up confused about what it is that they really want. Leopard Skin seduces in the strangest ways. Not because it necessarily feels like a puzzle box worth solving but because of just how weird it is in its use of the erotic. So much exposition could be trimmed.Īnd yet, there’s something about the show that makes it difficult to stop once you’ve started. As with a lot of crime thrillers, fucking with time becomes a device, frequent flashbacks pulling us out of the present and into scenes that are supposedly meant to add context but often merely over-complicate or over-explain. The movement and images throughout the series have a dream-like quality which, again, led me to constantly wonder if characters were actually dead and living out some sort of strange limbo loop. The dialogue is utilitarian in some moments, overly poetic in others. It’s visually gripping and erotically charged - often in strange places. The show feels a bit as if David Lynch were to try his hand at a softcore Cinemax production. I feel like I’ve possibly given you too much information and also not enough to possibly begin to understand Leopard Skin. ![]() The diamond thieves (played by Gentry White, Nora Arnezeder, and Margot Bingham) holding them hostage also start to turn on each other when they realize they’ve all been set up by the same bad guy (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) who they’re also all sleeping with as part of a business arrangement. Now, Batty and Alba - along with housekeeper Inocencia (Ana de la Reguera) and another woman Maru (Amelia Eve of Bly Manor) who was just kind of in the wrong place at the wrong time - are hostages. The two former wives of a bad man live together in a sprawling mansion in a remote coastal town in Mexico under these strange parameters, but one day their little rituals are interrupted by a knock on the door from a trio of seasoned criminals whose latest diamond heist went sideways. Batty killed the husband, and Alba has proof, so she blackmails Batty into doing her bidding day in and day out. Alba’s husband left her for a younger woman, a cocktail waitress named Batty (Gaite Jansen). All of this is somehow just backstory and has little to do with the central plot of Leopard Skin. But she can accurately guess a stranger’s name, and she has successfully avoided death when, multiple times, lethal tragedies have befallen her documentary sets and claimed the lives of everyone in her crew. Leopard Skin centers on Alba (Carla Gugino), a famous documentarian who is possibly psychic but also bad at being psychic? Like, her visions are sometimes just a hair off. I will now attempt to tell you what this show is “about.” My experience of watching Leopard Skin - a new half-hour heist series from Peacock - can be summed up by the fact that at the end of each episode, my girlfriend and I said to each other: So, they’re all dead and have been dead this whole time, right? My experience of watching Leopard Skin can be summed up by the fact that I watched it in a haze of cold meds and yet do not think they can be to blame for the dizzying and feverish sensations Leopard Skin incites. I, for example, watched all eight episodes of Leopard Skin and am not quite sure I could tell you what happened on Leopard Skin. The following review of Peacock’s Leopard Skin contains spoilers in the sense that, yes, I do reveal specific plot and character details and even some of the twists that occur on Leopard Skin, but in my opinion this is a show that is not really possible to spoil, because I could tell you every single thing that happens on Leopard Skin and you’d still watch it with a non-zero amount of confusion, intrigue, and surprise. The Autostraddle Encyclopedia of Lesbian Cinema.LGBTQ Television Guide: What To Watch Now.
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A Framed Team BMX bike was $200 instead of $360. I liked the Rossignol XV Snowboard for $371 instead of $599. A Hurley Renegade II Backpack that retailes at $55 is $27.01. There is a lot of product here to go thru. That said, their online outlet is where the steepest deals are 24/7. Men’s snowboard jacket by Chamonix was $89.95 instead of $170 and Men’s Nike Shane Sake shoes are $60 instead of $80. (I’ve actually priced these at over $100.) A cute grey garphic Roxy sweatshirt was $29.95 instead of $40. A Overtons Infinity Zero Gravity recliner chair is $69. A Framed Rodez Bike frame is $399 instead of $1500 and an adidas Xperior Soft-shell jacket that was $120 is $38.95. Highlights include a Fischer Zepher 11 Ski Boot for $163 instead of $800. There is always an additional sale going on here with discounts of 20-70% on a a huge array of items. Lots of well known brands here like Burton, Oakley, Roxy, North Face, Nike, addidas, DC, Etnies, Obrien, Slingshot, Fuji and many more. ![]() Easy to style, simply pair their jumpers and shirts with your favourite pair of pants or jeans and sneakers for an everyday look, or match with your other hiking equipment for your adventures.The-House is an online outlet for outdoor sporting goods, apparel & gear for snowboarding & skiing, wakeboarding, biking, camping, sailing, hiking and more at up to 70% off. ![]() Their signature designs featuring block colours, oversized logos, intricate detail, and durable fabrications are here to stay. Whether you’re an avid explorer, experienced backpacker or simply like thesportswear-inspired design of the brand, you will find something online at General Pants with our wide range of North Face waterproof and windproof jackets, hoodies, long and short t-shirts, hats, bags, and other accessories. They invest in conversation to make their products and processes sustainable and commit to the highest level of environmental and social duty. The North Faces also takes its responsibility to preserve the outdoors seriously. With patented technologies and innovative fabrics including the Futurelight, Vectiv, Thermoball, Flashdry, Polartec and Dryvent – the North Face pieces are designed to move and protect you from the elements. With the mantra ‘Never Stop Exploring,’ the North Face’s primary brand focus is to inspire others to get outside, explore the outdoors and view the world beyond the map.Įvery and every product has been designed to withstand harsh outdoor conditions and provide lasting endurance and protection on every expedition. Named after the most challenging side of any mountain, today The North Face is known for its high-performance apparel, equipment, and footwear. Their first innovation was the North Face ‘Ruthsack’, a large lightweight backpack that made backpacking and hiking accessible to everyone. ![]() ![]() Featuring staple duck-down puffer jackets, classic hoodies and sweatshirts, signature logo tees, backpacks, bags, hats and more – there’s something to rock on your next adventure! Shop General Pants’ curated range of men’s and women’s North Face clothing now.Ĭo-founded 50 years ago in San Francisco by hiking aficionado Doug Tompkins, The North Face has grown from a small single store to a global brand. Whether you are an avid hiker and adventure enthusiast or simply love stylish sportswear, the North Face’s iconic pieces from General Pants are perfect for your collection. After founding in 1966, the brand continues to push the boundaries in innovative and technically advanced products today. Test your limits and explore the globe with the North Face’s innovative high-performance apparel and equipment. The most common problem with spa heaters and why it sometimes wont fire up is due to low water flow. When all is working correctly you should have no problems.ĭiagnosing Your Hurlcon Spa Heater Problem The heater temperature sensors are constantly sensing the water temperature in and outlets. If all is ok you will hear the ticking of the pilot assembly as it try’s to light and then is lit. The heater thermostat PCD (front display panel) senses that water temperature is low and sends a signal to the ignition module to activate power to the gas valve and in-turn to the pilot assembly. Then depending on your temperature setting, if the set temperature is higher than the actual water temperature being displayed, then the heater will start its ignition process. It checks to see if the water flow is correct, the hi-limit temperature sensors are all ok and within range and it checks the actual water temperature sensor to make sure the water temperature is correct. The heater then self diagnoses if any errors are present. ![]() How does this process work you might be thinking?įirstly when you turn the heater mode switch to ON the powers is activated thought the spa heater. When the heater first starts it runs through a series of checks and then starts the ignition process, then the heater lights up and your up and running. This makes it simple in diagnosing the problem and parts required. As a heater technician we need to know exactly what your heater is doing. Here’s some help in determining what your spa heater is actually doing. Next make a note of what your spa heater is doing and what it’s not. Your Hurlcon Spa Heater Start Up Procedure Hurlcon MX Heaters Serial Number – Remove the front panel and you will see the sticker on the panel behind the gas valve. Hurlcon JX Heaters Serial Number – This one will be external on the cabinet side panel, generally on the left side panel. You will then see the sticker just behind it. Hurlcon HX Heaters Serial Number – Remove the front cover panel that has the touch pad display on it. You will need to remove the front cover and there will be a sticker on the inside panel that display’s the serial number. The serial number is generally not displayed on the outside of the heater unless you have the JX model heater. Next we need your heaters serial number – It’s important to record the serial number of your spa heater as this tells us the heater model number, manufacture number and the year date it was made.
Training The 5th elder is first introduced when she (along with the 7th Elder, Zarga Siriana, and the 8th Elder) arrive in the city and meet with the director of the KSA in order to warn them about the impending battle that would take place, so that the KSA could take the necessary measures to quickly and effectively respond and contain the damage. She is first introduced in the series when she is sent along with 7th and 8th Elders to punish the ones responsible for Rostere and Muar's deaths as well as start the war against Lukedonia by attacking their hierarchy. ![]() She appears to have lived for quite a long period of time as well, due to her knowledge of Frankenstein from over 800 years before the series started. ![]() Her history with the Union is not entirely disclosed yet, but her rank suggests that she is a senior and powerful member of the Union, as well as of the werewolf race. In order to protect Kentas and to stop the atrocities carried out by their clan, she didn't hesitate to seek out Muzaka. She and Kentas believe that the role of a Warrior is to protect their race and not to sacrifice them for the sake of power. Unlike the majority of the werewolves, she and her friend, Kentas, rejected any modification to their bodies and just rely on their natural power and strength. Although she is aware that Muzaka is deemed by their tribe as a traitor, she felt sadness by this revelation. However, despite her personality, Lunark had shown a compassionate side. Her sense of honour and pride is sometimes in conflict with her goal-driven actions. She's shown to truly enjoy the thrill of battle if her opponent is strong enough and expresses deep anger at anybody trying to interrupt her. ![]() Lunark is typically a very cynical person. In this state, she also grows fangs and claws. When Lunark fully transforms into her werewolf form and releases her power, her hair becomes much longer and her entire body becomes covered in light greyish-brown fur. She wears the standard white and gold hooded robes of a Union Elder. She has light brown hair that extends past her shoulders. Generally speaking, all logos, insignia, patches, seals, flags and coats of arms are for official use only. The national and municipal insignia contained in this product are protected by various laws against misuse. 2.3 GOVERNMENT CRESTS, SEALS AND OTHER INSIGNIA: ![]() (viii) use any Image(s) except as expressly permitted by this License. You may, however, transfer all your license to use the Image(s) to another person or legal entity, provided that (i) you transfer the Image(s) and this License, including all copies (except copies incorporated into your work product as permitted under this License), to such person or entity, (ii) that you retain no copies, including copies stored on a computer or other storage device, and (iii) the receiving party agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License or (vii) rent, lease, sublicense or lend the Image(s), or a copy thereof, to another person or legal entity. (vi) use the Image(s) in electronic format, on-line or in multimedia applications unless the Image(s) are incorporated for viewing purposes only and no permission is given to download and/or save the Image(s) for any reason (v) use any of the Images related to identifiable individuals or entities for any commercial purpose or in a manner which suggests their association with or endorsement of any product or service (iv) use or permit the use of the Image(s) or any part thereof as a trademark or service mark, or claim any proprietary rights of any sort in the Image(s) or any part thereof ![]() ![]() (iii) create scandalous, obscene, defamatory or immoral works using the Image(s) nor use the Image(s) for any other purpose which is prohibited by law (ii) provide the Image(s) to third parties or permit the use of the Image(s) by third parties separately or as part of any other product, however, third parties may be provided with copies of the Image(s) (including digital files) as part of a work product For example, the Image(s) may be used as part of a web page design, but not be made available for downloading separately or in a format designed or intended for permanent storage or re-use by others (i) resell, sublicense or otherwise make available the Image(s) for use or distribution separately or detached from a product or web page. (ii) make one (1) copy of the Image(s) for backup or archival purposes. (i) incorporate any Image(s) into your own original work and publish, display and distribute your work in any media, provided you include a copyright notice in your work reflecting on the copyright ownership of both you and Corel as follows: “Copyright (c) 200_ and its licensors. 2.1 YOU MAY, subject to any restrictions set out below: Corel will not provide you with an opinion as to whether your use is in compliance with these Guidelines. If you are uncertain as to whether your intended use is in compliance with the Guidelines set out below, Corel recommends that you seek the advice of your own attorney or legal counsel. As a user of Corel products you are free to use, modify and publish the Images as you wish subject to the restrictions set out below. ![]() Clipart and Photos COREL GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF CLIPART, STOCK PHOTO IMAGES AND SAMPLE CONTENT:Ĭorel products contain numerous clipart, photo images and sample content such as forms, templates, Paint Shop Pro “tubes” or similar items (collectively referred to as the “Images”) which are either owned by Corel or licensed from a third-party. Wipe with a soft cloth slightly moistened and use it after removing moisture completely. If you want to return to the original state, mix salt and vinegar in a 1:1 ratio. ![]() It measures 26mm across, at the widest point. Change in color caused by oxidation is natural. The solid brass holder is fitted with a strong magnet, and it will hold your pencil (or pen) ready for use. Therefore, all products may be different, and fine scratches on the surface are not a product defect 10.99 yonsar88 (27) 100 or Best Offer Free shipping from China Last one 7 sold Sponsored Antique 1920s EBERHARD FABER Double Ended Flat Brass Pocket Pencil Holder Case Pre-Owned 19. Since this product is handmade, subtle differences may occur due to the nature of the product. In the case of coated brass products, pay attention to external impact and friction as much as possible to prevent the coating from peeling off the coating. Handcrafted in Seoul by designer Lee Jun Hee. The boxed set contains: two erasers, and three HB pencils. It will keep all your favorite pencils and other office supplies in order while looking. A lead pointer is conveniently integrated into the removable push button at the top. Size: W: 5.51 x H: 5.31 x D: 4.72 in Material: Solid brass with matte lacquer Care instructions: Wipe with a damp cloth. It will keep all your favourite pencils and other office supplies in order while looking beautiful on your table. Perfect for sketching and drawing, especially with soft leads, this holder accepts leads sized 5.4 to 5.7 mm. 160 CAD Organize and style your desk with this brass pencil holder. The Procure Store Adjustable Combined Colour Light Blue Hexagonal Plastic Pen Stand. Made of solid brass, the lead holder has an antique feel. FunBlast Desk Organizer Stationery Storage Stand, Pen & Pencil Holder - Table Pen Holder, Stationery Holder for School & Office, Stationery Organizer Box, Desktop organizer. ![]() Brass is a metal composed of a copper and zinc alloy, which intensifies its color over time and use.ĢT make unique products to be used for a long time, becoming more attractive the more you use them. Organize and style your desk with this brass pencil holder. The Sketch Up Clutch Lead Holder features Kawecos signature octagonal barrel, giving it a robust and sturdy look. The products are made of solid brass, a perfect material for your daily use. brass pencil holder with refill pencils supplied in cardboard box. A Replacement Cap for the TRAVELERS COMPANY BRASS PENCIL and BRASS BALLPOINT PEN. When not in use, the pencil is set inside the main unit. 2T stands for '2Thickness' and explore stationery products using the strength and tension of a 2mm thick brass metal plate. A pencil integrated with a brass holder made at a press factory in Japan. ![]() You do not know how to enter codes? Read INSTRUCTION and do it all in one minute.Ĭodes do not work on the updated version of the game? The guys at Wargaming Group can identify the codes and make them invalid. World of Warships Blitz War codes for Android and IOS: Below you can see a list of working codes that bypass the protection created by the Wargaming Group and provide great benefits. World of Warships Blitz War cheats will solve all problems, remove ads, give a lot of money (resources) and much more. The disadvantages of the game from Wargaming Group are absolutely standard: a lot of advertising, lack of game resources, the difficulty of opening some elements, and much more. But this did not prevent the creation of secret codes. Why? Because Wargaming Group employs real professionals. The game has good graphics, excellent control, and most importantly, an interesting gameplay. Why? Because Asian programmers love Wargaming Group games and make great bonus codes that you can also get absolutely free.Īction is a popular game genre, and World of Warships Blitz War is one of its best representatives. Wargaming Group made a well-protected game, so not everyone can download a modified version of the game and install the World of Warships Blitz War mod on their device. Wargaming Group knows how to make games and you can see for yourself. In this article, we will provide you with information about the game, as well as give you a hack World of Warships Blitz War, which will open up new opportunities, eliminate major shortcomings, provide a lot of game resources and more. The game is absolutely free and is already available for download on Google Play. Main battery HE shell penetration increased by 10%Īdded one more Repair Kit that can be used per battleĠ to max speed decreased from 11.86 to 9.World of Warships Blitz War is an Action game recently released on Android & IOS mobile platforms from the developer Wargaming Group. Torpedo damage reduction increased from 15% to 16.5% Main battery firing range increased from 12.12 to 12.30 km Main battery reload time decreased from 6.2 to 6 s Main battery reload time decreased from 13.5 to 13 sĪverage bow armor increased from 60 to 80 mm Main battery firing range increased from 11.46 to 11.58 kmĪverage bow armor increased from 50 to 65 mm Main battery reload time decreased from 13.5 to 12.5 s Main battery reload time decreased from 13 to 12.5 s Main battery firing range increased from 12.06 to 12.72 kmĭeck average armor increased from 40 to 60 mmĭeck average armor increased from 55 to 70 mm ![]() Torpedo damage increased from 3,500 to 3,600 Torpedo range increased from 8.1 to 8.4 km ![]() Resolved an issue that caused Black Kamikaze not to have unique Battle Honor missions. Resolved an issue that caused players to be missing Premium time items in the Warehouse. Resolved an issue that caused icons to overlap in the Shop card. Resolved an issue that caused an image to be missing from the score bar in Respawn Mode. Updated three pages to match the new UI style: Exchange page, Level-Up popup, and Receiving Title popup. To do so, you must read and agree to the Terms of Agreement.Īccount deletion will be terminated if you log in within 30 days of making the request. The quantity of resources is now displayed next to the content’s name.Ĭontent such as camouflages, portraits, Commanders, and Ports now has a prefix to indicate the item type.Ĭontent with a limited time duration will have the remaining time displayed next to its name. The setting can be enabled by going to the Settings menu, clicking on the Controls tab, and then enabling the “Enable proximity camera position” setting. You can now change your camera proximity position to see your ships more clearly. You can now make your game experience even better by enabling the Ultra Graphics option! This option will allow you to see more details on the screen, as well as better light and shadow effects, and enjoy better overall visual quality. Tier X cruiser Colbert Ultra Graphics Quality Here is the list of new ships that will be available: The Shipyard will be rotated with the release of the update. You can look forward to it appearing in the future so you can experience first-hand just how awesome it is again! Shipyard Rotation Please note: Grand Battle isn’t a permanent mode, it is an event mode. Up to two aircraft carriers per team allowed only We have introduced a brand-new mode-Grand Battle.īattles of this mode involve 24 players: 12v12Īvailable on the following map types: Domination and Epicenter ![]() Here’s the full overall description of everything new in Update 5.0: Grand Battle - New Game Mode ![]() So, if you keep executing (CTRL + K + C), the comments will keep piling up, as shown in the screenshot below. They do not toggle code like the slash shortcut. The main difference with these commands is that they each only have a single purpose. There's one other way to comment and un-comment, but it's not as handy.Ĭomment out code (): To toggle a VSCode comment block, you can use : If you want to comment out multiple lines of code within the same comment, this is what you're looking for. These are comments which span multiple lines of code (a block). Some programming languages support block comments. I use this command constantly and can't imagine not having it. Once you do it a few times it will become muscle memory and boost your productivity. Select the code that is currently commented-out and execute the shortcut. You can also uncomment using the same command. Execute the shortcut that corresponds to your platform.Select the text or code that you want to comment out.This is probably the most useful shortcut in here. ![]() This is the other main usage of comments. The VSCode comment shortcut Mac is very similar to the Windows version. Then, use the VS Code comment shortcut that corresponds to your platform below. You'll use this mainly to add information to the flow of your program that will help your future-self and your colleagues understand what's going on.įirst, place your cursor where you'd like to add the comment. Here's how to do both in VS Code: Create a Comment in VSCode, the easy way. Add information that gives context to your code.This comes in handy when debugging your program. The other great use-case of comments is quickly disabling one or multiple lines of code. Every comment you write could save you and your colleagues some back and forth on slack. This is especially useful if you work on a large team with lots of people. When building out complex functionality, sometimes I'll even write out the whole function in pseudo-code comments before writing any code.Ĭomments make code more readable and understandable. ![]() I don't know of a programming language that does not support comments.Ĭode-comments are incredibly useful. ![]() The classes that are available are engineer, soldier, field ops, medic, and covert ops. Players have up to eight weapon slots, depending on character class. Constructing the Command post speeds up the recharge rate though. The player has a Power Bar that provides "power" for their special abilities. Players have certain abilities based on their character class. Class skills are generally restricted to the current class, the exception being Heavy Weapons (the Soldier class skill). ![]() All character classes may earn points in Battle Sense and Light Weapons. Players may earn experience points in several skill categories. In Stopwatch Mode (most common for locked or LAN servers) two teams-most common setups: 6vs6 or 3vs3-will play the same map twice, once on each side and the winner is the team with the fastest offense (it can be a tie when both teams defense manage to keep the offense from completing the objectives until time runs out (commonly known as a "full hold")). In the official six map campaign (most common on public servers), Allies are offense for all but one map, Railgun. A good tactic is to find out the spawn time of your enemy, for example looking at the mission timer, and time your attacks so that every dead opponent will have to wait a full-time spawn.Ī model of the German railway gun Dora which inspired the Railgun map Experienced players should watch the timer all the time-dying to a 1-second spawn practically means losing your position (and a life, if the server has the rarely used Limited Lives feature enabled) and resetting your health and ammo, while a 30-second spawn can be deadly if there are only a few players. With default settings, one can see the spawn timer in the right side of the screen. In the default maps-assuming that the server settings are not changing it-Allies spawn every 20 seconds and the Axis every 30 seconds, the only exception being Rail Gun where both have a 20-second spawn. In all but the Last Man Standing Mode, dead players respawn all at the same time, every X seconds. ![]() Depending on game mode the action will continue on another map (Campaign Mode) or the same map (Objective Mode, Stopwatch Mode, Last Man Standing). These minor objectives assist the team completing them. Some objectives may be optional, and some objectives can be carried out by either team. The defense needs to keep the offense from completing objectives until time runs out. On most maps, the offense needs to complete a certain set of objectives within a limited amount of time. There are six officially released maps that are partially based on real locations or events (North African Campaign: Gold Rush, Siwa Oasis, and Atlantic Seawall Battery Europe Campaign: Rail Gun, Würzburg Radar, and Fuel Dump), as well as hundreds of custom maps made by the gaming community. Siwa Oasis in Egypt, site of historical World War II fighting, inspired the map of the same name. In public games, PunkBuster used to protect the game, however its developer, EvenBalance, discontinued support for the game in October 2011. The game is playable over the Internet or a local area network. Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory is an online multiplayer game, wherein the players interact with each other over a network, in two teams ( Allies and Axis) to defend or destroy mission objectives. ![]() Ī commercially released follow-up, Enemy Territory: Quake Wars, was developed by Splash Damage. On April 26, 2022, the game was released on Steam, and on Octoon gog.com. As of the first day of the August 2010 QuakeCon, the entire source code was released under the GNU General Public License v3.0 or later. The game uses a modified Return to Castle Wolfenstein engine, itself being a heavily modified id Tech 3 engine, which has been open source since 2005. In January 2004, the source code for the game logic (not the game engine) was released to the benefit of its modding community. However, due to problems with the single-player aspect, the multiplayer portion was released on as a freeware standalone game. It was originally planned to be released as a commercial expansion pack to Return to Castle Wolfenstein and later as a standalone game. Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory is a free and open-source multiplayer first-person shooter video game within the Wolfenstein series. Linux, AROS, Mac ( Universal), Windows, MorphOS 2003 video game Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory ![]() ![]() The factors leading to the optimistic bias can be categorized into four different groups: desired end states of comparative judgment, cognitive mechanisms, information about the self versus a target, and underlying affect. Different consequences result from these two types of events: positive events often lead to feelings of well being and self-esteem, while negative events lead to consequences involving more risk, such as engaging in risky behaviors and not taking precautionary measures for safety. Īlthough the optimism bias occurs for both positive events (such as believing oneself to be more financially successful than others) and negative events (such as being less likely to have a drinking problem), there is more research and evidence suggesting that the bias is stronger for negative events (the valence effect). For example: people believing that they are less at risk of being a crime victim, smokers believing that they are less likely to contract lung cancer or disease than other smokers, first-time bungee jumpers believing that they are less at risk of an injury than other jumpers, or traders who think they are less exposed to potential losses in the markets. The optimistic bias is seen in a number of situations. ![]() Ĥ factors can cause a person to be optimistically biased: their desired end state, their cognitive mechanisms, the information they have about themselves versus others, and overall mood. However, autistic people are less susceptible to optimistic biases. Optimistic biases are even reported in non-human animals such as rats and birds. Optimism bias is common and transcends gender, ethnicity, nationality, and age. It is also known as unrealistic optimism or comparative optimism. It was concluded that unrealistic optimism is broader than perceived risk, being evident for all elements of the HBM.Optimism bias (or the optimistic bias) is a cognitive bias that causes someone to believe that they themselves are less likely to experience a negative event. For prostate cancer, there was an optimistic bias for all HBM variables: risk and severity of prostate cancer and barriers to and benefits of screening. Women had an optimistic bias in relation to breast cancer risk and severity and barriers to having a screening mammogram but not in relation to the benefits of screening. In the first study 164 women aged 50 to 70 years responded to questions about breast cancer and screening mammography, while in the second study 200 men aged 45 to 60 years responded to questions about prostate cancer and screening using the prostate specific antigen test. Data were collected using telephone interviews, dialing numbers randomly selected from the telephone directory. To overcome this compartmentalization, two studies of cancer screening behavior assessed the extent to which unrealistic optimism occurred in relation to each of the elements of the HBM: severity and curability of cancer and the benefits of, and barriers to, having a screening test. Why do people fail to engage in positive behaviors which will promote their health and well-being? Researchers addressing this question adopt primarily one of two perspectives, drawing either on theories of health behavior, such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), or on theories of risk perception, such as unrealistic optimism. |
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